There was a growing recognition, however, that this needed to become a business-led process and encompass preparing for many forms of disruption. In light of this, the discipline became known as business continuity management (BCM).
As governments and regulators began to recognize the role of business continuity in mitigating the effects of disruptive incidents on society, they increasingly sought to gain assurance that key players had appropriate business continuity arrangements in place. Similarly, businesses recognized their dependence on each other and sought assurance that key suppliers and partners would continue to provide key products and services, even when incidents occurred.
A recognized benchmark of good practice in BCM was therefore needed and several national standards sought to address this issue, including those from Australia, Singapore, the United Kingdom (UK) and the USA. In the UK, BS 25999 was introduced to provide a management systems standard to which organizations could obtain accredited certification for the first time.
When organizations operating internationally started calling for a single International Standard, ISO/TC 223, Societal security, responded by developing ISO 22301:2012, Societal security – Business continuity management systems – Requirements. The new standard is the result of significant global interest, cooperation and input.
Demonstrating good practice
ISO 22301 is a management systems standard for BCM which can be used by organizations of all sizes and types. These organizations will be able to obtain accredited certification against this standard and so demonstrate to legislators, regulators, customers, prospective customers and other interested parties that they are adhering to good practice in BCM. ISO 22301 also enables the business continuity manager to show top management that a recognized standard has been achieved.
While ISO 22301 may be used for certification and therefore includes rather short and concise requirements describing the central elements of BCM, a more extensive guidance standard (ISO 22313) is being developed to provide greater detail on each requirement in ISO 22301.
ISO 22301 may also be used within an organization to measure itself against good practice, and by auditors wishing to report to management. The influence of the standard will therefore be much greater than those who simply choose to be certified against the standard.
Societal security context
ISO 22301 has been developed by ISO/TC 223, Societal security. This technical committee develops standards for the protection of society from, and in response to, incidents, emergencies and disasters caused by intentional and unintentional human acts, natural hazards and technical failures. Its all-hazards perspective covers adaptive, proactive and reactive strategies in all phases before, during and after a disruptive incident. The area of societal security is multi-disciplinary and involves actors from both the public and private sectors.
The committee has previously published the following standards and other documents:
- ISO 22300:2012, Societal security – Terminology
- ISO 22320:2011, Societal security – Emergency management – Requirements for incident response
- ISO/TR 22312:2011, Societal security – Technological capabilities
- ISO/PAS 22399:2007, Societal security – Guideline for incident preparedness and operational continuity management
The following projects are under development :
- ISO 22311, Societal security – Video-surveillance – Export interoperability
- ISO 22313, Societal security – Business continuity management systems – Guidance
- ISO 22315, Societal security – Mass evacuation
- ISO 22322, Societal security – Emergency management – Public warning
- ISO 22323, Organizational resilience management systems – Requirements with guidance for use
- ISO 22325, Societal security – Guidelines for emergency capability assessment for organizations
- ISO 22351, Societal security – Emergency management – Shared situation awareness
- ISO 22397, Societal security – Public Private Partnership – Guidelines to set up partnership agreements
- ISO 22398, Societal security – Guidelines for exercises and testing
- ISO 22324, Societal security – Emergency management – Colour-coded alert
Growing pains
The work on ISO 22301 started in 2006 when an ISO workshop on “Emergency preparedness” was held in Florence, Italy. At the time, many experts argued that their own national standard was best suited to be developed into an International Standard.
As this was clearly no way forward, all the major players were gathered to identify the similarities between the standards. This spirit of consensus led to the publication of a guidance document for incident preparedness and continuity management called ISO/PAS 22399:2007.
A challenge with ISO 22301 has been the large number of national documents on the subject, which has caused difficulties in gaining agreement.
The committee was then ready to create a management system standard with requirements and intended for certification. Input from the national standards was used to develop the initial draft wordings and gradually refined to become a new document bringing together good practice from around the world. Significant input came from Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, the UK and the USA. Many others contributed to its development, showing the truly international interest and input involved.
ISO 22301 explained
ISO 22301 is the second published management systems standard that has adopted the new high-level structure and standardized text agreed in ISO. This will ensure consistency with all future and revised management system standards and make integrated use easier with, for example, ISO 9001 (quality), ISO 14001 (environmental) and ISO/IEC 27001 (information security). The standard is divided into 10 main clauses, starting with scope, normative references, and terms and definitions. Following these are the standard’s requirements,
- Clause 4 – Context of the organization
The first step involves getting to know the organization, both internal and external needs, and setting clear boundaries for the scope of the management system. In particular, this requires the organization to understand the requirements of relevant interested parties, such as regulators, customers and staff. It must in particular understand the applicable legal and regulatory requirements. This enables it to determine the scope of the business continuity management system (BCMS). - Clause 5 – Leadership
ISO 22301 places particular emphasis on the need for appropriate leadership of BCM. This is so that top management ensures appropriate resources are provided, establishes policy and appoints people to implement and maintain the BCMS. - Clause 6 – Planning
This requires the organization to identify risks to the implementation of the management system and set clear objectives and criteria that can be used to measure its success. - Clause 7 – Support
Since resources are required for implementation, Clause 7 introduces the important concept of competence. For business continuity to be successful, people with appropriate knowledge, skills and experience must be in place to both contribute to the BCMS and respond to incidents when they occur. It is also important that all staff are aware of their own role in responding to incidents and this clause deals with all of these areas. The need for communication about the BCMS – for instance in telling customers that the organization has appropriate BCM in place – and preparedness to communicate following an incident (when normal channels may be disrupted) is also covered here. - Clause 8 – Operations
This section contains the main body of business continuity-specific expertise. The organization must undertake business impact analysis to understand how its business is affected by disruption and how this changes over time. Risk assessment seeks to understand the risks to the business in a structured way and these inform the development of business continuity strategy. Steps to avoid or reduce the likelihood of incidents are developed alongside steps to be taken when incidents occur. As it is impossible to completely predict and prevent all incidents, the approach of balancing risk reduction and planning for all eventualities is complementary. It might be said, “hope for the best and plan for the worst”.
ISO 22301 emphasizes the need for a well-defined incident response structure. This ensures that when incidents occur, responses are escalated in a timely manner and people are empowered to take the necessary actions to be effective. Life safety is emphasized and a particular point is made that the organization must communicate with external parties who may be affected, for instance if an incident poses a noxious or explosive risk to surrounding public areas.
The requirements for business continuity plans are laid out in Clause 8, too. Quickly understood, user-focused documents are more suitable than the large, unwieldy documents suited to auditors. Smaller plans are therefore more likely to be needed than one large plan.
A requirement not previously addressed in business continuity standards is the need to plan for a return to normal business. This simple requirement belies considered thought, as organizations must determine what to do once the initial emergency has been addressed.
The final subsection of section 8 covers exercises and tests, a key part of BCM. Tests are where some element of the business continuity arrangements is demonstrated to work (a pass) or not (fail). For instance, it is possible to test if the generator will run by switching it on. An exercise may include tests, but is generally a more nuanced approach that simulates some aspect of responding to an incident. This will usually include elements of training and building awareness of how to handle disruptive incidents with difficult and unusual characteristics, as well as finding out if processes work as expected.
Exercises and tests are fundamental in ISO 22301 : it is only through structured exercises – which should stretch the individuals and teams involved – that an organization can achieve objective assurance that its arrangements will work as anticipated and when required.
- Clause 9 – Evaluation
For any management system, it is essential to evaluate performance against plan. ISO 22301 therefore requires that the organization select and measure itself against appropriate performance metrics. Internal audits must be conducted and there is a requirement that management review the BCMS and act on these reviews. - Clause 10 – Improvement
No management system is perfect at the outset, and organizations and their environments are constantly changing. Clause 10 defines actions to take to improve the BCMS over time and ensure that corrective actions arising from audits, reviews, exercises and so on are addressed.
Successful implementation
To work well, ISO 22301 will need organizations to have thoroughly understood its requirements. Every line and word has meaning and the relative importance is not necessarily reflected by the number of words devoted to a topic. Rather than being simply about a project or developing “a plan”, BCM is an ongoing management process requiring competent people working with appropriate support and structures that will perform when needed.
Dr. Stefan Tangen is Secretary of ISO/TC 223, Societal security, and has been involved in standardization for six years. He is also Secretary of JTCG (Joint Technical Coordination Group) on man-agement support system harmonization. He is a project manager at SIS, Swedish Standards Institute, and holds a PhD in production engineering.
Dave Austin has been Project Leader for ISO 22301 and is Founder and Director of Operational Resilience (Oprel) Ltd. He is an experienced consultant in business continuity, ICT continuity and crisis management. Earlier in his career he was Head of Systems Continuity for the Royal Bank of Scotland. Later, at Siemens, he developed and led a business continuity consultancy.
